Metamodel

The published meta-models are Kriging meta-models (also known as Gaussian Process Regression) of different reference wind turbines. The meta-models can be used to predict fatigue loads, i.e., short-term damage equivalent loads (DELs). 

The considered reference turbines cover small onshore wind turbines (750 kW) up to current offshore wind turbines (5 MW) and different substructures (monopile and jacket) in case of the offshore wind turbine. Furthermore, for most reference turbines, meta-models for both, normal operation and idling conditions, are available. In addition to the meta-models, the training and test data used to generate the meta-models are published. 

Detailed information regarding the considered reference turbines and the generation of the Kriging meta-models (Kriging, training and test data) can be found in the associated research articles by Schmidt et al. 2025b and Schmidt et al. 2026b. The meta-models and the corresponding training and test data are published open-access in Schmidt et al. 2025a and Schmidt et al. 2026a. Additional work that utilized the presented meta-models are listed below. 

• Schmidt, F., Hübler, C., Rolfes, R. (2025a) Simulation data and Kriging meta-models of an offshore wind turbine [Dataset], LUIS, doi.org/10.25835/vfc4xy34

• Schmidt, F., Hübler, C., Rolfes, R. (2025b) Kriging meta-models for damage equivalent load assessment of idling offshore wind turbines, Wind Energy Science, 10, 3069-3089, doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-3069-2025

• Schmidt. F., Krabbe, P., Hübler, C., Rolfes, R. (2026a) Open-access database for meta-models for fatigue calculations of reference wind turbines [Dataset], LUIS, doi.org/10.25835/eydp1nl2

• Schmidt. F., Krabbe, P., Hübler, C., Rolfes, R. (2026b) An open-access database for meta-models for fatigue calculations of reference wind turbines, Torque 2026 

• Moattari, M., Schmidt, F., Hübler, C., Ribnitzky, R., Rolfes, R., Ghafoori, E. (2026) Meta-model-based fatigue analysis of 25MW offshore jackets: relevance of wind and wave conditions, Ocean Engineering, 352, Part 1, 124475, doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.124475

• Schmidt, F., Hübler, C., Rolfes, R. (2026c) Lifetime reassessment of offshore wind turbines considering different operating conditions using Kriging meta-models, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], doi.org/10.5194/wes-2026-38, in review.